health guides

Early vs. late eaters

Researchers invited 420 overweight adults from a weight loss clinic in Spain to participate in a study on timing of meals and weight loss success. The study location is important, because in Spain, the main meal of the day is lunch, not dinner. The researchers collected blood samples and daily diet records before and during the 20-week weight-loss intervention.

Participants were classified as early or late eaters, based on when they habitually ate their main meal of the day, which provided about 40% of their total daily calories. Consuming the main meal before 3 p.m. placed a person in the early category; those eating the main meal after 3 p.m. were classified as late eaters.

The weight-loss programme consisted of:

• Weekly 60-minute group sessions conducted by a food and nutrition professional
• Instruction on eating a Mediterranean diet, based around fresh vegetables and fruit, beans, nuts, olive oil, dairy, and fish; percent of calories from carbohydrates, fat, and protein met the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition guidelines
• Individual diet goals appropriate to facilitate weight loss based on baseline characteristics, such as initial weight, height, gender, age, and activity level
• Cognitive behavioural therapy to address poor eating habits
• Recommendations for moderate physical activity

After 20 weeks, the researchers discovered that early and late eaters had similar energy intake, dietary composition, estimated energy expenditure, appetite hormones, and sleep duration. Despite having nearly identical diets, compared with late eaters, the early eaters:

• Began to lose more weight each week, beginning in week five
• Lost significantly more total weight; early eaters lost 22 pounds on average, compared with only 17 pounds for late eaters
• Lost significantly more weight as a percent of their initial weight

The early bird loses the weight

The results of this study suggest eating the main meal earlier in the day may assist weight-loss efforts. These results may not apply to those living in countries in which dinner is the main meal, but still, they point to one more thing we can do that may aid our efforts to reach and maintain a healthy body weight. Here are some others:

• Have a hearty breakfast. Having a healthy breakfast with lean protein—try Greek yoghurt—to set the tone for the day, and to keep you full until lunch.
• Pack it in. Bring your own lunch to work if possible, and don’t underestimate what you should pack. A half sandwich and apple simply isn’t enough. Throw in nuts, vegetables and humus, dried fruit, low-fat dairy products, and hardboiled eggs. The extras make great afternoon snacks, and will help prevent over eating at dinner.
• Close the kitchen. Many successful weight losers have a “kitchen closed after 8 p.m.” policy. Hang a funny sign on the refrigerator or cabinet to remind yourself of this “healthy-weight rule.”
• Move it to maintain it. Physical activity is always important, but it’s particularly vital for forgeting weight regain. Make sure you keep moving every day, even after you reach your goal weight.

(Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229)